Notes on Cell Division and Multiplication
Introduction
Cell division is a fundamental biological process through which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. This process is essential for growth, development, and maintenance of all living organisms. There are two primary types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.Types of Cell Division
1. Mitosis
- Definition: Mitosis is the process of nuclear division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
- Purpose:
- Growth and development
- Tissue repair and regeneration
- Asexual reproduction in some organisms
- Phases of Mitosis:
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes; the nuclear envelope begins to break down.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane (metaphase plate).
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes; chromosomes begin to de-condense.
- Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.
2. Meiosis
- Definition: Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four genetically diverse haploid cells (gametes).
- Purpose:
- Sexual reproduction (formation of sperm and eggs)
- Increases genetic diversity through recombination and independent assortment.
- Phases of Meiosis:
- Meiosis I:Prophase I
- Meiosis II (similar to mitosis):Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and Cytokinesis result in four haplo
id cells.
Importance of Cell Division
- Growth and Development: Mitosis allows organisms to grow from a single fertilized egg into complex multicellular beings.
- Tissue Repair: Mitosis replaces damaged or dead cells, maintaining tissue integrity.
- Genetic Diversity: Meiosis introduces genetic variation essential for evolution and adaptation in populations.
Regulation of Cell Division
- Cell division is tightly regulated by various mechanisms to ensure proper growth and prevent uncontrolled proliferation (cancer). Key regulatory proteins include:
- Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
- Tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53)
- Oncogenes